Transport and Communication

Transport is a system in which Passengers and goods are carried from one place to another.

Transport system is considered as the lifeline of a country.








Road transport .
                      * Highly suitable for short distance services.
                      * Rural economy depands upon the road transport.


India -- 2nd largest road networks in the world.
Total length 58.98 lakh Km (2017)


ROAD DENSITY;


Total Road Length/Geopgraphical Area or Population of India

- Not uniform
- Depending upon 
         * Relief and climate conditions
         * Economic development
         * Density of population 

* National average - 142.68km per 100sq.km (2011)
* Lowest density - Jammu & Kashmir, 12.14km
* Highest density - Kerala, 517.77km

* 2017
      - 180km per 100 sqkm
      - 4.87km of road per 1000 people


CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS:


1.National Highway (NH)
2.State Highways (SH)
3.District Roads 
4.Rural Roads
5.Border Roads
6.Expressways


1. National Highways (NH)
  •                Connecting capitals of states, major ports, rail junctions, industrial and tourist centres.
  •                Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India
  •                NH - 2% of the road length but carry 40% of the road traffic.
  •                Longest NH - 44 (Varanasi to Kanniyakumari), 2369 km
  •                Shorest NH - 47A (Ernakulum to Kochi port), 6km
1.National Highways Development Project:
* Started in 1998
* This project is managed by the (National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)

2.Bharatmala scheme
* recent project
* Bharatmala, will sunsume all existing highway project
* Finance:
                - Cess collected on petrol and diesel
                - Tax collected at toll booths
                - Budgetary support

3.SARDP-NE:
* Specical Accelerated Road Development Programme in NE region
* North East region of India
* Providing road connectivity to all the district headquarter in the north eastern region by minimum 2 lane highway standards.

4. Golden Quadrilateral:
* 1999
* Four metropolitan cities: Delhi-Kolkata-chennai-Mumbai
* 5,846 km long road
* Objective- Connectivity, speed and safety
* First phase of the National Highways Developmenta Project
* Tamil Nadu -- 342km
* Managed by the National Highways Authority of India
* Delhi - kolkata:
               NH 44 from Delhi to Agra & NH 19 from Agra to Kolkata
* Delhi - Mumbai - Chennai:
               NH 48
* Kolkata - Chennai:
               NH 16

5. North-South and East-West Corridors:
* North-South corridor
           - srinagar with Kaniyakumari
           - 4,076 long road
* East-West corridor 
          - silchar in Assam with Porbandar in Gujarat
          - 3,649km
          - The two corridors intersect at Jhansi



2. State Highways:

* Link important cities, towns and district headquarters within the state and connect them with national highways.
* Administered and Financed by state governments.

share in the total length of SH roads;
- Maharashtra
- Karnataka
- Gujarat
- Rajasthan
- Tamil Nadu


3. District Roads;

* Connectivity between the district and taluk headquarters with the state highways and national highways
* District Roads constructed & maintained by Public works Department of states.

share in the total length of District road;
- Mahrashtra
- U.P
- Karnataka
- Tamil Nadu
- Andhra Pradesh


4. Rural Roads;

* Links the different villages with their neighbouring towns.
* Rural roads consist of 
            - Panchayati Raj Roads, (Zilla Parishad, panchayat Samiti, Gram Panchayat);
            - Roads of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
            - Those constructed by the State PWDs.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana;
* Objective: To provide connectivity, by way of an all weather road to unconnected habitations
* Launched on: 25th December, 2000. 

Eligibility:
- Unconnected habitations of designated population size
- 500+ in plan areas and 
- 250+ in north eastern states, Himalayan states, Deserts and Tribal Areas as per 2001 census

Fund:
- Union Government 90% in North-Eastern and Himalayan States,
- For other states the Union Government bears 60% of the cost.